How do scientist measure the temperature of the sun,a flame,liquid hydrogen,mice,insects,and a volcano. thanks

Can a smart person give me a detailed explaintion of how scientist measure each:


the temperature of


1.the sun, 2.a flame, 3.a volcano, 4.liquid hydrogen, 5.mice, and 6.insects. I need it fpr a research paper. I have no clue how to find out. Anybody got a website or something. I looked on the internet i cant find anything. Please. I would appreciate it.How do scientist measure the temperature of the sun,a flame,liquid hydrogen,mice,insects,and a volcano. thanks
Really hot objects radiate light of different colours - hence the terms ';red hot';, ';white heat';. This method is used for objects like the sun and volcanoes, steel in furnaces because putting a probe into them is not possible because they're either too far away (the sun) or so hot that they would melt the measuring device (furnace). The device is a pyrometer.





Items that can be touched and are not too hot can be measured using either thermocouples and or thermometers.





1. 2. 3. Pyrometer





4 Thermocouple





5 Thermometer





6 Thermocouple (maybe - not sure on this one)How do scientist measure the temperature of the sun,a flame,liquid hydrogen,mice,insects,and a volcano. thanks
The sun is really cold, contrary to what official science says.As actual proof, the outer space exposed to sun rays without any blockage from atmosphere is really extremely cold to approximately 3 oK (-273 oC), water freezes approximately at 4 oC. Why is it not then extremely hot, since when sun is resplendent, in summer for instance, and there are no clouds is hot outdoors? Heat is caused by a thermal reaction between sun rays and the electromagnetic planetary aura, the Van Allen lines or the morphogenetic fields of matter as taught in ancient arcane wisdom and in the book Telos.Astronomers measure the temperature of far-away things (Stars) by investigating the radiation (mostly light) that they emit, and they can do that right here from the Earth. Astronomers use the same effects that you see if you heat up a piece of iron. You don't feel any radiation (heat) coming from a cold piece of iron, but it's still emitting a little radiation. If you heat up the iron you will start feeling its heat even when you are not touching it. This heat that you feel is the infrared radiation that the iron emits because of its temperature. The hotter you make the iron, the more heat you'll feel. If you make the iron hot enough, it also starts to glow: first a dull red (red-hot), and finally a bright white (white-hot). So, if you heat up a piece of iron you notice three effects: when the iron gets hotter, you feel more heat coming from it, it glows brighter, and its color changes. These things don't just happen with pieces of iron, but with any material, including the material in the Sun. Heat is not the only thing that can make stuff glow, though. Some things can glow even when they are cold, for instance a fluorescent light, and a television or computer screen (which also uses a kind of fluorescence). These are called continuum sources because they emit light at every wavelength in a broad range, not just at a few specific wavelengths. If scientists can measure the total light output, including the infrared heat, they can find the object's temperature. So, you can measure something's temperature by measuring how much energy (heat and light) it emits, and by checking the color(s) of the light that it emits. To find the temperature of the object from its light, it is important that you look at only the light that the object itself emits, and not at light from some other source that it reflects. The colors you see around you during the day are caused by reflected sunlight, so they do not say anything about the temperature of things on Earth, but rather about the temperature of the visible surface (the photosphere) of the Sun. Scientists long ago figured out what temperature goes with what color and what brightness, so if they know the brightness or color, then they can easily determine the temperature. If you don't know how far away the thing is that you're looking at, then you can only use the color to figure out what temperature it has. This is the case for many stars. In this way, the surface temperature of the Sun has been found to be about 5770 kelvin, or 9900 degrees F, or 5500 degrees C.


actually science is based on assumptions and to keep things going on, we need to set certain standards.a few temeratures are kept as standards and every measurement is accoring to that and also that it is considered as hot or cold
sun - internal or external?


6000K outside, 50000K inside.





it can be calculated using estimates of the energy produced from the mass of the sun and its rate of nuclear explosions.


detecting sub atomic particle emissions can help with this.





but it is only ever an estimate





all the others you can use thermocouples since they are here on this planet!


just reference it to a known temperature of say, water, for calibration reasons.





i think the creatures are measure by non-invasive procedure. its possible to use a similar devise to a bon-calorimeter. where you measure the rate of temperature change and use some nifty maths to extrapolate back to find the constant level of input of the creature... of course. creatures will generate more or less heat depending on the state of their metabolism so this will actually be variable.
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